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Ingredients | Experimental diet (graded threonine level, % in diet) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Diet 1 (0.42) | Diet 2 (0.72) | Diet 3 (0.92) | Diet 4 (1.12) | Diet 5 (1.32) | Diet 6 (1.52) | Diet 7 (1.82) | |
EAA2 | 15.67 | ||||||
NEAA3 | 5.47 | ||||||
Casein4 | 5.00 | ||||||
Gelatine4 | 2.00 | ||||||
Dextrin4 | 27.97 | ||||||
Dextrose4 | 5.00 | ||||||
α-Cellulose4 | 8.20 | ||||||
Fish oil5 | 10.00 | ||||||
Other ingredients6 | 12.20 | ||||||
L-threonine7 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.60 |
L-aspartic acid7 | 3.98 | 3.83 | 3.73 | 3.63 | 3.53 | 3.43 | 3.28 |
L-glutamic acid7 | 4.32 | 4.17 | 4.07 | 3.97 | 3.87 | 3.77 | 3.62 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
2 EAA, essential amino acids (g per 100 g diet): arginine, 1.924; histidine, 0.725; isoleucine, 1.674; leucine, 2.702; lysine, 1.904; methionine, 1.030; cystine, 0.172; phenylalanine, 1.742; tyrosine, 1.335; tryptophan,0.462; valine, 1.999 (Ajinomoto, Tokyo, Japan).
3 NEEA, non-essential amino acids (g per 100 g diet): alanine, 1.741; glycine, 0.758; proline, 0.568; serine, 2.398 (Ajinomoto, Tokyo, Japan).
6 Other ingredients include: carboxymethyl cellulose, 1.00% (United States Biochemical, Cleveland, Ohio, USA); Ca(H2PO4)2H2O, 3.00%; choline bitartrate, 1.20% (United States Biochemical, Cleveland, Ohio, USA), vitamin mixture, 3.00% and mineral mixture, 4.00% (Park et al., 2005; Bae et al., 2011).
Amino acids | From casein and gelatin | From crystalline amino acids | Total1 |
---|---|---|---|
EAA | |||
Arginine | 0.353 | 1.924 | 2.277 |
Histidine | 0.194 | 0.725 | 0.919 |
Isoleucine | 0.252 | 1.674 | 1.926 |
Leucine | 0.493 | 2.702 | 3.195 |
Lysine | 0.502 | 1.904 | 2.406 |
Methionine | 0.152 | 1.030 | 1.182 |
Cystine | 0.019 | 0.172 | 0.191 |
Phenylalanine | 0.271 | 1.742 | 2.013 |
Tyrosine | 0.270 | 1.335 | 1.605 |
Threonine | 0.221 | 0.0002 | 0.221 |
Tryptophan | 0.065 | 0.462 | 0.527 |
Valine | 0.350 | 1.999 | 2.349 |
NEAA | |||
Alanine | 0.345 | 1.741 | 2.086 |
Aspartic acid | 0.483 | 4.081 | 4.564 |
Glycine | 0.538 | 0.758 | 1.296 |
Glutamic acid | 1.298 | 4.417 | 5.715 |
Proline | 0.790 | 0.568 | 1.358 |
Serine | 0.374 | 2.398 | 2.772 |
1 The amino acid profile was simulated with that of 35% whole chicken egg protein (Robinson et al., 1981).
Dietary threonine level (%) | Plasma threonine concentrations | Plasma ammonia concentrations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
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Post-prandial values (PPthr) | Post-absorptive values (PAthr) | Post-prandial values (PPA) | Post-absorptive values (PAA) | |
0.42 | 94d | 108c | 115d | 103 |
0.72 | 248c | 143b | 142c | 114 |
0.92 | 515b | 184a | 146c | 131 |
1.12 | 508b | 179a | 151c | 125 |
1.32 | 586a | 192a | 217b | 118 |
1.52 | 574a | 183a | 251a | 120 |
1.82 | 582a | 195a | 277a | 108 |
Pooled SEM2 | 73.4 | 12.1 | 23.5 | 3.63 |