Dry matter | Organic matter | Crude protein | Ether extract | Neutral detergent fiber | Acid detergent fiber | Acid detergent lignin | Hemicellulose | Cellulose | Soluble protein | Insoluble protein | True protein N | Non-protein N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary ingredients | |||||||||||||
Berseem clover | 104.0 | 851.6 | 139.2 | 38.0 | 506.3 | 349.3 | 49.6 | 156.9 | 299.8 | 674.0 | 326.0 | 717.9 | 282.1 |
Spent rice straw | 830.9 | 708.9 | 116.5 | 26.5 | 396.1 | 301.9 | 42.8 | 94.2 | 259.1 | 547.0 | 453.0 | 813.3 | 186.7 |
Concentrate mixture1 | 863.2 | 863.8 | 170.9 | 60.0 | 455.9 | 257.1 | 47.8 | 198.8 | 209.3 | - | - | - | - |
Experimental rations2 | |||||||||||||
Control | 483.6 | 857.7 | 155.0 | 49.0 | 481.1 | 303.2 | 48.7 | 177.9 | 254.5 | - | - | - | - |
SRS25 | 665.3 | 822.0 | 149.4 | 46.1 | 453.6 | 291.4 | 47.0 | 162.2 | 244.4 | - | - | - | - |
SRS45 | 810.7 | 793.5 | 144.8 | 43.8 | 431.5 | 281.9 | 45.6 | 149.7 | 236.2 | - | - | - | - |
1 Concentrate mixture: 25% un-decorticated cotton seed cake, 21% wheat bran, 50% yellow corn, 2% limestone and 1% salt, 1% mineral and vitamin mixture (contained, per kg: 4.5% Ca, 2.5% P, 6.6% Na, 1.5% Mg, 1.2% K, 0.11% S, 1,372 mg of Fe, 1,032 mg of Mn, 1,500 mg of Zn, 247 mg of Cu, 16 mg of I, 16 mg of Co, 10 mg of Se, 185,000 IU of vitamin A, 32,500 IU of vitamin D3, and 900 IU of vitamin E).
2 Control = 50% concentrate mixture+50% berseem clover, T1 = 50% concentrate mixture+25% berseem clover+25% spent rice straw, T2 = 50% concentrate mixture+5% berseem clover+45% spent rice straw.
3 Calculated according to NRC (2001).
Diets1 | SEM | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
Control | SRS25 | SRS45 | |||
Dry matter intake (g/d) | |||||
Concentrate | 353.3 | 359.5 | 359.4 | 9.11 | 0.1400 |
Forage | 353.3a | 346.6ab | 326.7b | 9.20 | 0.0061 |
Total | 706.6 | 706.1 | 686.1 | 12.92 | 0.0114 |
Nutrient digestibilities (%) | |||||
Dry matter | 57.88b | 62.36a | 59.18ab | 1.11 | 0.0241 |
Organic matter | 64.02a | 61.30a | 55.93b | 1.15 | 0.0002 |
Crude protein | 63.02a | 59.70ab | 56.01b | 1.09 | 0.0005 |
Ether extract | 59.71 | 60.42 | 61.73 | 1.19 | 0.5380 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 56.92b | 60.33a | 59.65ab | 1.10 | 0.0869 |
Acid detergent fiber | 59.80 | 60.80 | 60.86 | 1.12 | 0.7609 |
Hemicellulose | 52.45b | 59.52a | 57.52ab | 1.19 | 0.0021 |
Cellulose | 60.40 | 60.90 | 58.15 | 1.13 | 0.2145 |
DCP (g/kg)2 | 97.7 | 89.2 | 81.1 | ||
DE (Mcal/kg)2 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 | ||
ME (Mcal/kg)2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | ||
NEL (Mcal/kg)2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
1 Diets contained per kg: Control: 500 g concentrate mixture+500 g berseem clover, SRS25: 500 g concentrate mixture+250 g berseem clover+250 g spent rice straw; SRS45: 500 g concentrate mixture+50 g berseem clover+450 g spent rice straw.
2 Calculated according to NRC (2001); DCP = Digestible crude protein; DE = Digestible energy; ME = Metabolizable energy; NEL = Net energy for lactation.
Diets1 | SEM | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
Control | SRS25 | SRS45 | |||
pH | 6.49b | 6.63a | 6.64a | 0.092 | <0.0001 |
TVFA (meq/dL) | 10.8a | 9.3b | 8.9c | 0.14 | <0.0001 |
Ammonia-N (mg/dL) | 23.8a | 20.6b | 19.0c | 3.23 | <0.0001 |
Microbial protein (mg/dL) | 146.5c | 178.8a | 159.9b | 5.22 | <0.0001 |
Total nitrogen (mg/dL) | 99.2a | 93.9b | 90.1c | 3.33 | <0.0001 |
Non-protein nitrogen (mg/dL) | 42.0a | 35.8b | 32.5c | 3.50 | <0.0001 |
True protein nitrogen (mg/dL) | 57.2 b | 58.1 a | 57.7 b | 3.40 | <0.0001 |
Diets1 | SEM | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
Control | SRS25 | SRS45 | |||
Total proteins (g/dL) | 6.31 | 5.98 | 5.98 | 0.114 | 0.0853 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.04ab | 3.15a | 2.93b | 0.079 | 0.0812 |
Globulin (g/dL) | 3.27a | 2.83b | 3.05ab | 0.114 | 0.0148 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 43. 5 | 42.8 | 41.7 | 0.31 | 0.1172 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.05a | 0.97b | 1.00b | 0.043 | 0.0150 |
Serum aspartate aminotransferase (units/dL) | 23.4 | 23. 7 | 24. 1 | 2.99 | 0.6697 |
Alanin aminotransferase (units/dL) | 14. 9 | 14. 8 | 14.2 | 3.11 | 0.5925 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 67.4a | 63.5b | 61. 8b | 3.21 | 0.0002 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 173.6 | 169.1 | 167.6 | 5.77 | 0.1149 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.5a | 116.2b | 115. 8b | 3.33 | 0.0016 |
Diets1 | SEM | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
Control | SRS25 | SRS45 | |||
C4:0 | 4.62 | 4.02 | 6.39 | 0.314 | 0.0410 |
C6:0 | 1.56 | 1.44 | 1.31 | 0.140 | 0.1475 |
C8:0 | 2.37 | 2.53 | 2.34 | 0.145 | 0.1688 |
C10:0 | 10.04 | 9.09 | 8.92 | 0.291 | 0.5148 |
C11:0 | 0.10 | 0.04 | ND | 0.051 | 0.4025 |
C12:0 | 4.30 | 3.69 | 3.73 | 0.212 | 0.8929 |
C13:0 | ND | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.061 | 0.2150 |
C14:0 | 9.75 | 8.43 | 8.78 | 0.303 | 0.9575 |
C14.1 | 0.19b | 0.37a | 0.08b | 0.061 | 0.0477 |
C15:0 | 1.46 | 0.62 | 0.52 | 0.132 | 0.2772 |
C16:0 | 35.65a | 25.46b | 26.37b | 0.398 | 0.1190 |
C16.1 | 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.66 | 0.104 | 0.3523 |
C17:0 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.102 | 0.5861 |
C18:0 | 11.26b | 14.42a | 16.15a | 0.307 | 0.2143 |
C18:1n9t | 11.72 | 19.22 | 13.84 | 0.582 | 0.8530 |
C18:1n9c | 0.49 | 2.01 | 0.72 | 0.204 | 0.4141 |
C18:2 | ND | 0.15 | ND | 0.257 | 0.4934 |
C18:2.n6t | 1.37 | 0.50 | 1.88 | 0.211 | 0.0308 |
C18:2n6c | 0.68b | 2.24a | 2.73a | 0.245 | 0.1369 |
C20:0 | 0.35 | 1.96 | 2.34 | 0.090 | 0.1402 |
C18:3n6 | 0.70a | 0.12b | 0.21b | 0.139 | 0.2251 |
C20:1 | 1.55 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.211 | 0.4991 |
C20:2 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 1.30 | 0.058 | 0.3179 |
C18:3n3 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.086 | 0.2799 |
C21:0 | ND | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.197 | 0.5000 |
SFA | 81.84a | 72.78b | 77.7ab | 0.555 | 0.0461 |
USFA | 18.16b | 27.22a | 22.39ab | 0.355 | 0.0752 |
MUFA | 14.99 | 22.94 | 15.93 | 0.571 | 0.7450 |
PUFA | 3.17b | 4.28ab | 6.37a | 0.291 | 0.0896 |
SCFA | 4.62 | 4.02 | 6.39 | 0.249 | 0.7410 |
MCFA | 18.37a | 16.79b | 16.30b | 0.399 | 0.4424 |
LCFA | 77.01 | 79.19 | 77.31 | 0.558 | 0.7065 |
CLA | 2.05b | 2.89b | 4.61a | 0.252 | 0.0445 |
SFA = Saturated fatty acids; USFA = Unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA = Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SCFA = Short-chain fatty acids (C4–C5); MCFA = Medium-chain fatty acids (C6–C12); LCFA = Long-chain fatty acids (C13–C21); USFA = Unsaturated fatty acids; CLA = Conjugated linoleic acid; ND = Not detected.