Anim Biosci > Volume 35(1); 2022 > Article |
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.
FUNDING
This research was financially supported by China Agriculture Research System (Beijing, China; No. CARS-36); Application and Demonstration of High Quality Beef Cattle High Efficient and Safe Feeding Technology (2018YFD0501704); Henan Province planting and feeding technology integration demonstration application promotion project (2007).
Items | Treatment | |||
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WPCS | WPCSW | CS | SCS | |
Ingredient (% of dry matter) | ||||
Whole plant corn silage | 24.24 | 14.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Corn stalklage | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.06 | 0.00 |
Sweet corn stalklage | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.38 |
Peanut vine | 17.98 | 18.11 | 17.78 | 18.63 |
Wheat straw | 0.00 | 9.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Dried distiller’s grains with solubles | 12.18 | 11.65 | 12.04 | 10.40 |
Corn, ground | 14.05 | 14.74 | 15.90 | 15.88 |
Tofukasu | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.57 |
Concentrate feed | 30.99 | 31.22 | 30.66 | 31.14 |
Forage to concentrate ratio | 42:58 | 42:58 | 41:59 | 42:58 |
Nutrient composition (% of dry matter unless otherwise stated) | ||||
Dry matter (% of fresh matter) | 51.91 | 51.51 | 52.48 | 50.63 |
NEmf1) (Mcal/kg) | 1.44 | 1.39 | 1.37 | 1.41 |
Crude protein | 14.29 | 14.17 | 14.68 | 14.59 |
Ether extract | 3.40 | 3.38 | 3.80 | 3.93 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 34.70 | 37.79 | 36.52 | 33.66 |
Acid detergent fiber | 24.34 | 25.72 | 24.78 | 22.66 |
Items | Treatment | p-value | |||
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WPCS | WPCSW | CS | SCS | ||
DM | |||||
Soluble fraction (% of DM) | 20.3±3.4a | 12.7±3.0b | 10.4±2.8b | 19.5±2.8a | 0.010 |
Slowly degradable fraction (% of DM) | 68.1±5.2b | 74.3±9.9a | 75.9±10.7ab | 69.9±5.0b | 0.015 |
Undegradable fraction (% of DM) | 11.6±1.4b | 13.0±1.6a | 13.7±1.6a | 10.6±1.1b | 0.017 |
Degradation rate (%/h) | 2.3±0.3 | 1.6±0.7 | 2.1±0.8 | 2.5±0.7 | 0.288 |
Effective degradability (% of DM) | 40.8±6.3a | 32.2±4.1c | 30.8±3.3d | 34.5±5.0b | <0.001 |
CP | |||||
Soluble fraction (% of CP) | 20.9±3.0a | 15.1±2.3b | 14.3±1.3b | 20.4±2.4a | 0.029 |
Slowly degradable fraction (% of CP) | 74.9±5.7 | 77.2±4.3 | 72.9±5.7 | 74.8±3.2 | 0.345 |
Undegradable fraction (% of CP) | 4.2±0.2c | 7.7±0.4b | 12.8±0.9a | 4.85±0.3c | 0.032 |
Degradation rate (%/h) | 2.3±0.4 | 2.5±0.7 | 2.5±0.7 | 2.4±0.2 | 0.837 |
Effective degradability (% of CP) | 46.2±2.2a | 39.4±5.7c | 37.4±2.8d | 43.7±3.0b | <0.001 |
NDF | |||||
Soluble fraction (% of NDF) | 11.4±1.6a | 7.9±1.2b | 7.1±1.8b | 9.7±1.3ab | 0.044 |
Slowly degradable fraction (% of NDF) | 65.6±3.4a | 71.2±2.1a | 60.9±2.6b | 69.5±4.5a | 0.030 |
Undegradable fraction (% of NDF) | 23.0±2.7b | 20.9±2.6b | 32.0±4.3a | 20.8±2.1b | 0.035 |
Degradation rate (%/h) | 1.9±0.7 | 1.8±0.7 | 2.0±0.8 | 2.1±0.7 | 0.400 |
Effective degradability (% of NDF) | 33.2±3.3b | 31.0±2.6c | 29.1±2.2d | 34.7±2.3a | <0.001 |
ADF | |||||
Soluble fraction (% of ADF) | 12.8±2.5a | 6.1±1.3b | 6.1±1.27b | 7.4±2.1b | 0.027 |
Slowly degradable fraction (% of ADF) | 59.4±5.4b | 68.0±4.3a | 60.0±4.03b | 65.1±4.1b | 0.042 |
Undegradable fraction (% of ADF) | 27.8±3.1b | 25.9±2.8b | 33.9±3.6a | 27.5±2.4b | 0.023 |
Degradation rate (%/h) | 1.9±0.711 | 1.6±0.7 | 2.1±0.5 | 2.6±0.6 | 0.276 |
Effective degradability (% of ADF) | 33.2±1.9 | 27.1±3.0 | 29.8±1.3 | 29.8±2.1 | 0.052 |
WPCS, whole plant corn silage-based diet; WPCSW, mixed forages-based diet was formulated by substituting a portion of whole plant corn silage with wheat straw; SCS, sweet corn stalklage-based diet; CS, corn stalklage-based diet; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber.
Items | Period | Treatment | p-value | |||
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WPCS | WPCSW | CS | SCS | |||
Body weight (kg) | 0 d | 427.64±25.34 | 429.03±25.98 | 425.86±28.05 | 428.15±26.58 | 0.952 |
30 d | 469.41±23.33 | 464.19±25.68 | 456.69±29.41 | 461.99±26.37 | 0.148 | |
60 d | 496.12±22.36a | 489.49±26.33ab | 479.78±31.77b | 486.57±26.86ab | 0.040 | |
90 d | 509.41±24.45a | 501.75±26.73ab | 490.64±31.49b | 498.98±27.72ab | 0.016 | |
Dry matter intake (kg/d) | 0 to 30 d | 9.73±0.31ab | 10.07±0.24a | 9.50±0.32b | 9.54±0.21b | <0.001 |
31 to 60 d | 8.96±0.34 | 8.70±0.58 | 8.53±0.31 | 8.69±0.47 | 0.427 | |
61 to 90 d | 7.76±0.12a | 7.31±0.22b | 7.26±0.13b | 7.26±0.10b | <0.001 | |
0 to 90 d | 8.94±0.88 | 8.89±1.22 | 8.58±0.98 | 8.65±0.10 | 0.596 | |
Average daily gain (kg/d) | 0 to 30 d | 1.27±0.33a | 1.07±0.17b | 0.93±0.21c | 1.03±0.18bc | <0.001 |
31 to 60 d | 0.83±0.21 | 0.79±0.12 | 0.72±0.34 | 0.77±0.10 | 0.092 | |
61 to 90 d | 0.58±0.65 | 0.53±0.80 | 0.47±0.31 | 0.54±0.66 | 0.885 | |
0 to 90 d | 0.93±0.26a | 0.83±0.22b | 0.74±0.16c | 0.80±0.19b | <0.001 | |
Feed conversion ratio (F/G) | 0 to 30 d | 7.69±0.24c | 9.44±0.22b | 10.16±0.34a | 9.30±0.20b | <0.001 |
31 to 60 d | 10.73±0.40b | 11.01±0.74b | 11.83±0.43a | 11.31±0.61ab | 0.019 | |
61 to 90 d | 13.42±0.21c | 13.71±0.42b | 15.38±0.27a | 13.46±0.19bc | <0.001 | |
0 to 90 d | 10.20±2.47b | 11.11±1.87ab | 12.13±2.24a | 11.06±1.87ab | 0.039 | |
Gross profit (dollar)1) | 0 to 90 d | 1.81 | 1.72 | 1.44 | 1.69 | - |
WPCS, whole plant corn silage-based diet; WPCSW, mixed forages-based diet was formulated by substituting a portion of whole plant corn silage with wheat straw; SCS, sweet corn stalklage-based diet; CS, corn stalklage-based diet.
Items | Treatment | p-value | |||
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WPCS | WPCSW | CS | SCS | ||
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.36±0.31 | 5.28±0.19 | 5.17±0.52 | 5.08±0.96 | 0.284 |
Total protein (g/L) | 66.56±2.41 | 66.36±4.79 | 63.59±4.54 | 66.40±3.31 | 0.321 |
Albumin (g/L) | 37.47±2.20a | 35.70±2.48ab | 35.44±3.21ab | 33.83±0.90b | 0.024 |
Globulin (g/L) | 29.10±3.78 | 30.65±3.88 | 28.16±3.59 | 32.58±3.76 | 0.087 |
Albumin/globulin | 1.31±0.22a | 1.18±0.18ab | 1.28±0.22a | 1.05±0.16b | 0.038 |
Urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 7.65±0.78 | 7.51±0.98 | 7.70±1.52 | 7.57±0.67 | 0.982 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 109.12±16.80 | 109.88±12.42 | 102.62±11.01 | 107.62±11.53 | 0.648 |
Nonesterified fatty acid (mmol/L) | 0.15±0.02b | 0.14±0.012b | 0.20±0.01a | 0.18±0.03a | <0.001 |
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 5,507.75±266.28c | 5,698.11±405.38bc | 6,035.18±145.95a | 5,920.22±382.33ab | 0.006 |