1. Touma S, Oikawa T. Breed characteristics of indigenous Okinawa Agu pigs analyzed by body measurements and reproductive traits. Jpn J Anim Sci 2017; 88:103–13.
2. Touma S, Onaga M, Toubaru N, Oikawa T. Breed characteristics of indigenous pigs in Okinawa: growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Jpn J Swine Sci 2017; 54:121–9.
3. Shimabukuro M. The pigs and goats in Okinawa. Okinawa no buta to yagiNaha, Japan: Hirugi sha; 1989.
4. Keruma T. Okinawan customs, biographies and legends. Ryukyu tigusa no makiNaha, Japan: Ryukyu siryou kenkyuukai; 1962.
5. Iha M. The animal history in Okinawa. Ryukyu doubutu shiNaha, Japan: Hirugi sha; 1979.
6. Watanobe T, Ishiguro N, Nakano M, et al. Prehistoric introduction of domestic pigs onto the Okinawa Islands: ancient mitochondrial DNA evidence. J Mol Evol 2002; 55:222–31.
7. Takahashi R, Ishiguro N, Matsui A, Anezaki T, Hongo H. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characteristics of dwarf Sus specimens from the Noguni shell middens in the Ryukyu Islands. Anthropol Sci 2012; 120:39–50.
8. Ozawa N. Origin of the Ryukyuan native pigs inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Rep Soc Res Native Livest 2000; 18:209–16.
9. Watanobe T, Okumura N, Ishiguro N, et al. Genetic relationship and distribution of the Japanese wild boar (
Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (
Sus scrofa riukiuanus) analyzed by mitochondrial DNA. Mol Ecol 1999; 8:1509–12.
10. Okumura N, Kurosawa Y, Kobayashi E, et al. Genetic relationship amongst the major non-coding regions of mitochondrial DNAs in wild boars and several breeds of domesticated pigs. Anim Genet 2001; 32:139–47.
11. Takada M, Oka T, Takahashi R, et al. Phylogenetic study of Okinawa and Amami native pig based on mitochondrial DNA sequence. Jpn J Swine Sci 2008; 45:187–92.
12. Wu CY, Jiang YN, Chu HP, et al. The type I Lanyu pig has a maternal genetic lineage distinct from Asian and European pigs. Anim Genet 2007; 38:499–505.
14. Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T. Dating the human-ape split by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol 1985; 22:160–74.
16. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985; 39:783–91.
19. Kim KI, Lee JH, Li K, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Asian and European pig breeds determined by mitochondrial DNA control region sequence polymorphism. Anim Genet 2002; 33:19–25.
20. Gongora J, Fleming P, Spencer PB, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Australian and New Zealand feral pigs assessed by mitochondrial control region sequence and nuclear GPIP genotype. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 33:339–48.
21. Editorial committee of the history of Okinawa agriculture and forestry fisheries administration. History of Okinawa agriculture and forestry fisheries administration Vol 12 (Agricultural material part). Tokyourintoukei kyoukai; 1982.
22. Editorial committee of the history of Okinawa agriculture and forestry fisheries administration. History of Okinawa agriculture and forestry fisheries administration Vol 5 (Animal industry and sericulture). Tokyourintoukei kyoukai; 1986.
23. Oshiro I, Nohara T. Distribution of Pleistocene terrestrial vertebrates and their migration to the Ryukyus. Tropics 2000; 10:41–50.