Anim Biosci > Volume 30(11); 2017 > Article |
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Parameters | Stage of maturity (SM) | SEM1) | Cutting time (CT) | SEM | p-values | |||||
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Early bud | Late bud | Early flower | 18:00 | 06:00 | SM | CT | SM×CT | |||
Summary of alfalfa hays | ||||||||||
Leaf:stem ratio | 0.55a | 0.42b | 0.37b | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 0.78 |
Yield (g DM/m2) | 337c | 470b | 537a | 14.0 | 449 | 447 | 11.4 | <0.01 | 0.90 | 0.86 |
Carbohydrate wet chemical composition (g/kg dry matter)2) | ||||||||||
ADL | 80 | 84 | 92 | 3.3 | 87 | 84 | 2.7 | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.67 |
ADF | 355b | 380b | 430a | 12.4 | 394 | 382 | 10.1 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.45 |
NDF | 425b | 443b | 491a | 14.0 | 456 | 449 | 11.4 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.89 |
CHO | 645c | 678b | 734a | 7.0 | 685 | 689 | 5.7 | <0.01 | 0.59 | 0.87 |
NFC | 225 | 235 | 243 | 8.5 | 228 | 240 | 7.0 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.58 |
TESC | 61 | 66 | 63 | 1.9 | 59y | 68x | 1.5 | 0.23 | <0.01 | 0.65 |
TESC:CHO ratio | 94 | 98 | 86 | 3.0 | 86y | 99x | 24.1 | 0.06 | <0.01 | 0.76 |
Starch | 7 | 9 | 8 | 0.8 | 8 | 8 | 0.6 | 0.24 | 0.67 | 0.49 |
FT/IR spectra peak areas related to TCHO and STCHO and their ratio A_STCHO:TCHO3) | ||||||||||
TCHO | 14.58 | 13.88 | 13.78 | 0.401 | 14.17 | 13.99 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.73 | 0.86 |
STCHO | 4.36 | 4.18 | 4.03 | 0.110 | 4.20 | 4.19 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.93 | 0.58 |
A_STCHO:TCHO | 0.2994 | 0.3017 | 0.2921 | 0.003242 | 0.2992 | 0.2962 | 0.002647 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.52 |
FT/IR spectra peak height (H) and area (A) related to NSCHO and ratio with TCHO and STCHO4) | ||||||||||
Height (H) | 0.01332a | 0.01249a | 0.008377b | 0.000647 | 0.01141 | 0.01138 | 0.000543 | <0.01 | 0.97 | 0.84 |
Area (A) | 0.1770a | 0.1570a | 0.1072b | 0.01234 | 0.1508 | 0.1433 | 0.01043 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.76 |
A_NSCHO:TCHO | 0.01216a | 0.01129a | 0.007800b | 0.000820 | 0.01063 | 0.01020 | 0.000670 | 0.02 | 0.65 | 0.67 |
A_NSCHO:STCHO | 0.04058a | 0.03735a | 0.02668b | 0.002431 | 0.03571 | 0.03403 | 0.001985 | 0.02 | 0.55 | 0.67 |
FT/IR spectra peak height (H) and area (A) related to lignin and ratios with NSCHO | ||||||||||
Area | 0.2433a | 0.2222a | 0.1921b | 0.005972 | 0.2220 | 0.2164 | 0.004876 | <0.01 | 0.45 | 0.22 |
Height | 0.01605a | 0.01495a | 0.01333b | 0.000392 | 0.01495 | 0.01461 | 0.000320 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.31 |
H_Lignin:NSCHO | 1.2088b | 1.2024b | 1.5983a | 0.06631 | 1.3504 | 1.3226 | 0.05415 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.95 |
A_ Lignin:NSCHO | 1.3788 | 1.4555 | 1.7973 | 0.1054 | 1.5135 | 1.5742 | 0.08608 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.77 |
2) DM, dry matter; ADL, acid detergent lignin; ADF, acid detergent fiber; NDF, Neutral detergent fiber; CHO, total carbohydrate; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NFC, non-fiber carbohydrate; TESC, total ethanol soluble carbohydrates; CHO = 1,000−(CP+EE+Ash) [1]; NFC = 1,000−(CP+EE+Ash+NDF) [1].
3) TCHO, total carbohydrates (region and baseline ca. 852 to 1,186 cm−1); STCHO, structural carbohydrates mainly associated with hemi and cellulosic compounds (region and baseline ca. 1,188 to 1,482 cm−1);
Mean | Variation | A_NSCHO:TCHO3) | A_NSCHO:STCHO3) | H_Lignin:NSCHO3) | ||||||
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Minimum | Maximum | SD2) | r2) | p-value | r | p-value | r | p-value | ||
Chemical composition related to carbohydrates (g/kg carbohydrate)4) | ||||||||||
ADL | 124 | 113 | 136 | 7.1 | −0.55 | 0.06 | −0.54 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.22 |
NDF | 658 | 619 | 697 | 27.2 | −0.62 | 0.04 | −0.60 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.09 |
ADF | 564 | 532 | 614 | 30.3 | −0.83 | <0.01 | −0.83 | <0.01 | 0.69 | 0.01 |
CHO (g/kg DM) | 687 | 645 | 745 | 38.5 | −0.91 | <0.01 | −0.91 | <0.01 | 0.90 | <0.01 |
NFC | 342 | 303 | 381 | 27.2 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 0.04 | −0.51 | 0.09 |
CNCPS carbohydrate fractions (g/kg carbohydrate)5) | ||||||||||
CA | 93 | 72 | 105 | 9.6 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.65 | 0.02 | −0.63 | 0.03 |
CB1 | 11 | 9 | 16 | 2.3 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.65 | 0.04 | −0.29 | 0.38 |
CB2 | 238 | 208 | 268 | 21.0 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.44 | 0.15 | −0.33 | 0.29 |
CB3 | 360 | 330 | 400 | 20.2 | −0.37 | 0.26 | −0.35 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.25 |
CC | 298 | 270 | 326 | 17.0 | −0.55 | 0.06 | −0.53 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.22 |
3) A_NSCHO:TCHO, FT/IR non-structural carbohydrate to total carbohydrate ratio; A_NSCHO:STCHO, non-structural carbohydrate to structural carbohydrate ratio; H_lignin:NSCHO, lignin to non-structural carbohydrate ratio.
4) ADL, acid detergent lignin; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; CHO, total carbohydrate; NFC, non-fiber carbohydrate calculated; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; CHO = 1,000−(CP+EE+Ash) [1]; NFC = 1,000-(CP+EE+Ash+NDF) [1].
5) CA, simple sugars solubilized by ethanol; CB1, starch; CB2, soluble fiber [CHO-(CA+CB1+CB3+CC)]; CB3, potential degradable NDF (NDF-CC); CC, undegradeble NDF ((NDF×(lignin /NDF)×2.4)/CHO×100) [19].
Parameters | Stage of maturity (SM) | SEM1) | Cutting time (CT) | SEM | p-values | |||||
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Early bud | Late bud | Early flower | 18:00 | 06:00 | SM | CT | SM×CT | |||
Chemical composition related to lipids (ether extract, EE; g/kg dry matter) | ||||||||||
EE | 24 | 25 | 23 | 1.0 | 24 | 24 | 0.8 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 0.92 |
FTIR lipid molecular structures (area of region ca. 2,770 to 3,000 cm−1)2) | ||||||||||
Lipid peak area | 0.9768b | 0.9216b | 1.1359a | 0.02983 | 1.0128 | 1.0100 | 0.02435 | <0.01 | 0.9380 | 0.15 |
CH3 and CH2 asymmetric stretching (FT/IR spectra peak area) and their ratio3) | ||||||||||
CH2 | 0.01057b | 0.008035b | 0.01863a | 0.000838 | 0.01270 | 0.01212 | 0.000685 | <0.01 | 0.58 | 0.18 |
CH3 | 0.001861 | 0.001377 | 0.002263 | 0.000260 | 0.001803 | 0.001864 | 0.000212 | 0.15 | 0.85 | 0.47 |
A_CH2:CH3 ratio | 7.2271 | 6.2242 | 8.3097 | 1.3333 | 7.6173 | 6.8901 | 1.0886 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.46 |
A_CH3:CH2 ratio | 0.1691 | 0.2029 | 0.1225 | 0.02963 | 0.1658 | 0.1639 | 0.02419 | 0.25 | 0.96 | 0.67 |
CH3 and CH2 symmetric stretching (FT/IR spectra peak height) and their ratio | ||||||||||
CH2 | 0.000831b | 0.001078b | 0.003079a | 0.000211 | 0.001889 | 0.001436 | 0.000173 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 0.19 |
CH3 | 0.002465 | 0.002374 | 0.003005 | 0.000199 | 0.002696 | 0.002533 | 0.000162 | 0.14 | 0.51 | 0.83 |
S_CH2:CH3 ratio | 4.8379 | 4.6492 | 0.9975 | 1.2762 | 2.6855 | 4.3041 | 1.0420 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.69 |
S_CH3:CH2 ratio | 0.3372b | 0.4769b | 1.0219a | 0.1043 | 0.6918 | 0.5323 | 0.08513 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.30 |
Lipid unsaturation group4) | 0.00080b | 0.000903a | 0.000651ab | 0.000080 | 0.000702 | 0.000737 | 0.000065 | 0.068 | 0.71 | 0.95 |
2) Functional groups related to lipid are detectable from ca. 2,770 to 3,000 cm−1 due to vibration absorption of CH (asymmetric stretching of CH2 at ca. 2,923 cm−1 and CH3 at ca. 2,967 cm−1).
Mean | Range | A_NSCHO:TCHO1) | A_NSCHO:STCHO1) | H_Lignin:NSCHO1) | ||||||
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Minimum | Maximum | SD2) | r2) | p-value | r | p-value | r | p-value | ||
In situ degradation kinetics of NDF (g/kg NDF)3) | ||||||||||
DNDF | 405 | 353 | 484 | 41 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.34 | −0.38 | 0.22 |
UNDF | 542 | 455 | 609 | 46 | −0.32 | 0.30 | −0.32 | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.09 |
KdNDF (/h) | 3.9 | 2.3 | 5.8 | 1.01 | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.37 |
ED | 236 | 193 | 271 | 22.9 | −0.32 | 0.30 | −0.32 | 0.31 | −0.43 | 0.16 |
In situ degradation kinetics of NFC (g/kg NFC)3) | ||||||||||
WNFC | 331 | 67 | 205 | 447 | −0.21 | 0.52 | −0.22 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.07 |
DNFC | 637 | 546 | 755 | 66 | 0.24 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.44 | −0.57 | 0.05 |
UNFC | 31 | 0 | 59 | 18 | −0.10 | 0.75 | −0.08 | 0.79 | 0.09 | 0.79 |
KdNFC (/h) | 14.6 | 11.1 | 21.1 | 2.75 | −0.36 | 0.24 | −0.33 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0.12 |
ED | 815 | 866 | 777 | 23.9 | −0.35 | 0.27 | −0.33 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.02 |
In situ degradation kinetics of CHO (g/kg CHO)4) | ||||||||||
WCHO | 170 | 149 | 196 | 16 | −0.29 | 0.37 | −0.29 | 0.37 | 0.50 | 0.10 |
DCHO | 452 | 395 | 511 | 33 | 0.59 | 0.04 | 0.60 | 0.03 | −0.72 | <0.01 |
UCHO | 377 | 340 | 420 | 24 | −0.63 | 0.03 | −0.61 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.02 |
KdCHO (/h) | 6.8 | 5.4 | 8.9 | 1.10 | 0.17 | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.04 | 0.90 |
ED | 440 | 408 | 480 | 18.6 | 0.55 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.06 | −0.30 | 0.34 |
Mean | Variation | NSCHO:TCHO1) | NSCHO:STCHO1) | Lignin:NSCHO1) | S_CH3:CH21) | |||||||
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Minimum | Maximum | SD2) | r2) | p-value | r | p-value | r | p-value | r | p-value | ||
Predicted nutrient supply to dairy cows using DVE/OEB model (g/kg DM)3) | ||||||||||||
AMCP | 44 | 38 | 49 | 3.0 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.04 | −0.62 | 0.03 | −0.45 | 0.13 |
ARUP | 32 | 21 | 46 | 6.9 | 0.77 | <0.01 | 0.75 | <0.01 | −0.67 | 0.02 | −0.63 | 0.03 |
DVE | 49 | 26 | 68 | 11.3 | 0.80 | <0.01 | 0.79 | <0.01 | −0.74 | <0.01 | −0.65 | 0.02 |
ENDP | 27 | 3 | 23 | 32.9 | −0.78 | <0.01 | −0.77 | <0.01 | 0.79 | <0.01 | 0.63 | 0.03 |
FOM | 462 | 402 | 508 | 26.8 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.04 | −0.62 | 0.03 | −0.45 | 0.13 |
OEB | 34 | 7 | 57 | 20.1 | 0.90 | <0.01 | 0.90 | <0.01 | −0.86 | <0.01 | −0.82 | <0.01 |
MCPFOM | 69 | 60 | 76 | 4.2 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.04 | −0.62 | 0.03 | −0.45 | 0.13 |
TSPI | 141 | 129 | 152 | 6.9 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.67 | 0.02 | −0.61 | 0.03 | −0.66 | 0.02 |
MCPRDP | 103 | 70 | 132 | 22.0 | 0.90 | <0.01 | 0.90 | <0.01 | −0.88 | <0.01 | −0.82 | <0.01 |
UDM | 362 | 307 | 441 | 35.1 | −0.78 | <0.01 | −0.77 | <0.01 | 0.79 | <0.01 | 0.63 | 0.03 |
1) NSCHO:TCHO, FT/IR non-structural carbohydrate to total carbohydrate ratio; NSCHO:STCHO, non-structural carbohydrate to structural carbohydrate ratio; lignin:NSCHO, lignin to non-structural carbohydrateratio; S_CH3:CH2, CH3 and CH2 symmetric stretching ration.
3) DVE, digested and absorbed protein in the small intestine; OEB, rumen degraded protein balance; DM, dry matter; AMCP, absorbed microbial crude protein; ARUP, absorbed bypass protein in the small intestine; ENDP, endogenous protein losses in the digestive tract; FOM, fermentable organic matter; MCPFOM, microbial crude protein synthesized in the rumen from FOM; TPSI, true protein supplied to the small intestine; MCPRDP, synthesized MCP in the rumen from RDP; UDM, completely un-degradable dry matter [21].