Anim Biosci > Volume 29(11); 2016 > Article |
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Ingredient | Diet1 | |||||
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Control | CuSO4·H2O | CuSO4·5H2O | dCCTH-α | dCCTH-β | dCCTH-αβ | |
Ground corn | 62.70 | 62.63 | 62.60 | 62.65 | 62.65 | 62.65 |
Soybean meal, 48% CP | 25.50 | 25.50 | 25.50 | 25.50 | 25.50 | 25.50 |
Dried whey | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Fish meal | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Limestone | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Salt | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Vitamin-mineral premix2 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
CuSO4·H2O | - | 0.07 | - | - | - | - |
CuSO4·5H2O | - | - | 0.10 | - | - | - |
dCCTH-α | - | - | - | 0.05 | - | - |
dCCTH-β | - | - | - | - | 0.05 | - |
dCCTH-αβ | - | - | - | - | - | 0.05 |
CP, crude protein; CuSO4·H2O, copper sulfate monohydrate; CuSO4·5H2O, copper sulfate pentahydrate; dCCTH-α, α-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-β, β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-αβ, a mixture of α- and β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide.
2 Provided the following quantities per kg of complete diet: vitamin A, 15,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,400 IU; vitamin E, 30 IU; vitamin K, 3.0 mg; thiamin, 2.9 mg; riboflavin, 6.0 mg; pyridoxine, 2.9 mg; vitamin B12, 0.04 mg; pantothenic acid, 22.5 mg; folic acid, 0.66 mg; niacin, 38 mg; biotin, 0.04 mg; copper, 15 mg as copper sulfate; iron, 161 mg as iron sulfate; iodine, 3.0 mg as potassium iodate; manganese, 75 mg as manganese sulfate; selenium, 0.23 mg as sodium selenite; zinc, 188 mg as zinc oxide; butylatedhydroxytoluene, 30 mg.
Item | Source of copper | SEM | p-value | ||||
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CuSO4·H2O | CuSO4·5H2O | dCCTH-α | dCCTH-β | dCCTH-αβ | |||
pH 2.0 | |||||||
15 min | 104a | 106a | 42.5b | 17.2c | 34.9b | 2.07 | <0.001 |
30 min | 104a | 105a | 50.3b | 26.2c | 45.7b | 1.75 | <0.001 |
1 h | 105a | 107a | 67.8b | 44.7c | 63.8b | 1.82 | <0.001 |
2 h | 105a | 105a | 89.9b | 72.8c | 89.8b | 1.73 | <0.001 |
3 h | 106a | 107a | 107a | 98.3b | 105ab | 1.66 | 0.017 |
4 h | 107 | 108 | 114 | 112 | 113 | 1.68 | 0.054 |
pH 3.0 | |||||||
15 min | 105a | 106a | 5.21b | 0.04c | 2.22bc | 0.99 | <0.001 |
30 min | 103a | 105a | 7.35b | 1.28c | 3.62bc | 0.98 | <0.001 |
1 h | 104a | 108a | 12.0b | 5.50c | 8.52bc | 1.00 | <0.001 |
2 h | 108a | 110a | 15.4b | 9.58c | 11.7bc | 1.16 | <0.001 |
3 h | 107a | 109a | 18.9b | 14.6b | 16.3b | 1.32 | <0.001 |
4 h | 108a | 112a | 21.3b | 17.8b | 19.9b | 1.85 | <0.001 |
pH 4.8 | |||||||
15 min | 110a | 116a | 0.29b | 0b | 0b | 4.17 | <0.001 |
30 min | 113a | 117a | 0.94b | 0.07b | 0.32b | 5.15 | <0.001 |
1 h | 112a | 117a | 1.53b | 0.31b | 0.80b | 4.08 | <0.001 |
2 h | 111a | 118a | 2.16b | 0.53b | 1.14b | 3.56 | <0.001 |
3 h | 112a | 117a | 2.57b | 0.70b | 1.32b | 2.99 | <0.001 |
4 h | 110a | 116a | 2.82b | 0.97b | 1.68b | 3.33 | <0.001 |
pH 6.8 | |||||||
15 min | 89.2b | 98.5a | 0c | 0c | 0c | 0.81 | <0.001 |
30 min | 87.5b | 96.2a | 0c | 0c | 0c | 0.44 | <0.001 |
1 h | 89.3b | 97.3a | 0c | 0c | 0c | 0.85 | <0.001 |
2 h | 89.7b | 98.3a | 0c | 0c | 0c | 0.95 | <0.001 |
3 h | 88.4b | 95.7a | 0c | 0c | 0c | 1.19 | <0.001 |
4 h | 88.7b | 95.8a | 0c | 0c | 0c | 0.33 | <0.001 |
CuSO4·H2O, copper sulfate monohydrate; CuSO4·5H2O, copper sulfate pentahydrate; dCCTH-α, α-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-β, β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-αβ, a mixture of α- and β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; SEM, standard error of the mean.
Item2 | Source of copper | SEM | p-value | ||||
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CuSO4·H2O | CuSO4·5H2O | dCCTH-α | dCCTH-β | dCCTH-αβ | |||
Step 1 | 101c | 101c | 108ab | 110a | 107b | 0.6 | <0.001 |
Step 2 | 106 | 106 | 113 | 114 | 109 | 2.8 | 0.191 |
Step 3 | 99 | 98 | 107 | 106 | 106 | 2.4 | 0.053 |
CuSO4·H2O, copper sulfate monohydrate; CuSO4·5H2O, copper sulfate pentahydrate; dCCTH-α, α-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-β, β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-αβ, a mixture of α- and β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; SEM, standard error of the mean.
Item3 | Diet2 | SEM | p-value | |||||
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Control | CuSO4·H2O | CuSO4·5H2O | dCCTH-α | dCCTH-β | dCCTH-αβ | |||
Step 1 | 46.7b | 99.3a | 82.2a | 90.6a | 95.9a | 85.2a | 4.17 | <0.001 |
Step 2 | 57.7b | 89.5a | 72.5ab | 81.2a | 82.0a | 74.3ab | 4.13 | 0.003 |
Step 3 | 93.2a | 81.9ab | 67.0b | 75.7ab | 78.9ab | 70.1b | 4.49 | 0.017 |
CuSO4·H2O, copper sulfate monohydrate; CuSO4·5H2O, copper sulfate pentahydrate; dCCTH-α, α-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-β, β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; dCCTH-αβ, a mixture of α- and β-form dicopper chloride trihydroxide; SEM, standard error of the mean.