Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th editionAOAC Arlington; VA, USA:
Baldivieso HLP, Cooper SM, Cibils AF, Pagán MF, Udaeta K, Rubio CMB. 2012. Detecting autocorrelation problems from GPS collar data in livestock studies. Appl Anim Behav Sci 136:117–125.
Bargo F, Mulher LD, Kolver ES, Delahoy JE. 2003. Production and digestion of supplemented dairy cows on pasture. J Dairy Sci 86:1–42.
Baudracco J, Villalobos NL, Holmes CW, Macdonald KA. 2010. Effects of stocking rate, supplementation, genotype and their interactions on grazing dairy systems: a review. New Zealand J Agric Res 53:109–133.
Brosh A, Henkin Z, Ungar ED, Dolev A, Orlov A, Yehuda Y, Aharoni Y. 2006. Energy cost of cows’ grazing activity: The use of heart rate GPS methods for direct field estimation. J Anim Sci 84:1951–1967.
Brosh A, Henkin Z, Ungar ED, Dolev A, Shabtay A, Orlov A, Yehuda Y, Aharoni Y. 2010. Energy cost of activities and locomotion of grazing cows: a repeated study in larger plots. J Anim Sci 88:315–323.
Carloto MN, Euclides VPB, Montagner DB, Lempp B, Difante GS, Paula CCL. 2011. Desempenho animal e características de pasto de capim-xaraés sob diferentes intensidades de pastejo, durante o período das águas. Pesq Agropec Bras 46:97–104.
Casagrande DR, Azenha MV, Valente ALS, Vieira BR, Moretti MH, Ruggieri AC, Berchielli TT, Reis RA. 2011. Canopy characteristics and behavior of Nellore heifers in Brachiaria brizantha pastures under different grazing heights at a continuous stocking rate. Rev Bras Zootec 40:2294–2301.
Celaya R, Benavides R, García U, Ferreira LMM, Ferre I, Martínez A, Ortega-Mora LM, Osoro K. 2008. Grazing behaviour and performance of lactating suckler cows, ewes and goats on partially improved heathlands. Animal 2:1818–1831.
Distel RA, Laca EA, Griggs TC, Demment MW. 1995. Patch selection by cattle: maximization of intake rate in horizontally heterogeneous pastures. Appl Anim Behav Sci 45:11–21.
Figueiras JF, Detmann E, Paulino MF, Valente TNP, Valadares Filho SC, Lazzarini I. 2010. Intake and digestibility in cattle under grazing supplemented with nitrogenous compounds during dry season. Rev Bras Zootec 39:1303–1312.
Ganskopp DC, Bohnert DW. 2009. Landscape nutritional patterns and cattle distribution in rangeland pastures. Appl Anim Behav Sci 116:110–119.
Glienke CL, Rocha MG, Roso D, Pötter L, Costa VG, Machado JM. 2010. Ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of beef heifers on Italian ryegrass pasture. Rev Bras Zootec 39:247–254.
Gontijo Neto MM, Euclides VPB, Nascimento Júnior D, Miranda LF, Fonseca DM, Oliveira MP. 2006. Consumo e tempo diário de pastejo por novilhos Nelore em pastagem de capim-tanzânia sob diferentes ofertas de forragem. Rev Bras Zootec 35:60–66.
Gregorini P, Eirin M, Refi R, Ursino M, Ansin OE, Gunter SA. 2006. Timing of herbage allocation in strip grazing: Effects on grazing pattern and performance of beef heifers. J Anim Sci 84:1943–1950.
Hansen PJ. 2004. Physiological and cellular adaptations of zebu cattle to thermal stress. Anim Reprod Sci 82:349–360.
Hodgson J. 1990. Grazing management: science into practice. Longman Scientific & Technical; Harlow, UK:
Hunt LP, Petty S, Cowley R, Fisher A, Ash AJ, MacDonald N. 2007. Factors affecting the management of cattle grazing distribution in northern Australia: Preliminary observations on the effect of paddock size and water points. Rangeland J 29:169–179.
Johnson DD, Ganskopp DC. 2008. GPS collar sampling frequency: effects on measures of resource use. Rangeland Ecol Manag 61:226–231.
Krysl LJ, Hess BW. 1993. Influence of supplementation on behavior of grazing cattle. J Anim Sci 71:2546–2555.
Mertens DR. 2002. Gravimetric determination of amylase treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beakers or crucibles: Collaborative study. J AOAC Int 85:1217–1240.
Ramseyer A, Boissy A, Thierry B, Dumont B. 2009. Individual and social determinants of spontaneous group movements in cattle and sheep. Animal 3:1319–1326.
Shingu Y, Mori M, Nakatsuji H, Kondo S, Umemura K. 2012. Effects of moving inclination on heart rate of lactating cows during grazing on an inclined pasture. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 83:47–56.
Scaglia G, Boland HT, Wyatt WE. 2009. Effects of time of supplementation on beef stocker calves grazing ryegrass. II. Grazing behavior and dry matter intake. Prof Anim Sci 25:749–756.
Souza MA, Detmann E, Paulino MF, Sampaio CB, Lazzarini I, Valadares Filho SC. 2010. Intake, digestibility and rumen dynamics of neutral detergent fiber in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage and supplemented with nitrogen and/or starch. Trop Anim Health Prod 42:1299–1310.
Titto CG, Titto EAL, Titto RM, Mourão GB. 2011. Heat tolerance and the effects of shade on the behavior of Simmental bulls on pastures. Anim Sci J 82:591–600.
Trotter MG, Lamb DW, Hinch GN, Guppy CN. 2010. Global navigation satellite system livestock tracking: system development and data interpretation. Anim Prod Sci 50:616–623.
Tucker CB, Rogers AR, Schütz KE. 2008. Effect of solar radiation on dairy cattle behaviour, use of shade and body temperature in a pasture-based system. Appl Anim Behav Sci 109:141–154.
Ungar ED, Henkin Z, Gutman M, Dolev A, Genizi A, Ganskopp D. 2005. Inference of animal activity from GPS collar data on free-ranging cattle. Rangeland Ecol Manag 58:256–266.
Valadares Filho SC, Paulino PVR, Magalhães KA. 2006. Exigências nutricionais de zebuínos e tabelas de composição de alimentos BR-CORTE. Editora UFV, Viçosa; MG, Brazil:
Valente ÉEL, Paulino MF, Detmann E, Valadares Filho SC, Barros LV, Acedo TS, Couto VRM, Lopes SA. 2011a. Levels of multiple supplements or nitrogen salt for beef heifers in pasture during the dry season. Rev Bras Zootec 40:2011–2019.
Valente TNP, Detmann E, Queiroz AC, Valadares Filho SC, Gomes DI, Figueiras JF. 2011b. Evaluation of ruminal degradability profiles of forage using bags made from different textiles. Rev Bras Zootec 40:2565–2573.
Valente EEL, Paulino MF, Detmann E, Valadares Filho SC, Lopes SA. 2013. Performance of young bulls supplemented with different relation of protein and carbohydrate from suckling phase until slaughter in tropical pasture. J Anim Plant Sci 18:2711–2722.
Williams CH, David DJ, Iismaa O. 1962. The determination of chromic oxide in feces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J Agric Sci 59:381–385.