Anim Biosci > Volume 31(8); 2018 > Article |
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Item | Starter (d 1–2) | Finisher (d 22–35) | ||||||
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NP1) | LP1 | LP2 | LP3 | NP | LP1 | LP2 | LP3 | |
Ingredient (%) | ||||||||
Corn | 59.33 | 61.33 | 63.31 | 65.35 | 61.38 | 63.01 | 64.50 | 65.97 |
Soybean meal | 32.40 | 27.15 | 21.95 | 16.65 | 27.75 | 22.35 | 17.00 | 11.75 |
Canola meal | 1.00 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 7.00 | 1.50 | 4.00 | 6.50 | 9.00 |
Palm kernel meal | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 1.50 | 2.50 | 3.50 | 4.50 |
Palm olein | 2.55 | 2.56 | 2.60 | 2.65 | 4.80 | 4.90 | 5.06 | 5.17 |
Limestone | 1.31 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.31 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.10 |
Sodium chloride | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
MDCP | 1.57 | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.58 | 1.28 | 1.26 | 1.29 | 1.29 |
L-lysine | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.31 |
DL-methionine | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.25 |
L-threonine | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.23 | - | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.16 |
L-tryptophan | - | - | - | 0.01 | - | - | - | 0.02 |
Vitamin and mineral premix2) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
Nutrient (calculated, % unless stated otherwise) | ||||||||
Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) | 12.71 | 12.71 | 12.71 | 12.71 | 13.31 | 13.31 | 13.31 | 13.31 |
Crude protein | 21.00 | 19.74 | 18.50 | 17.24 | 19.05 | 17.87 | 16.70 | 15.58 |
Total amino acids | ||||||||
Lysine | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 |
Methionine | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.52 |
Methionine+cysteine | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 |
Threonine | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.74 |
Tryptophan | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Valine | 1.03 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.76 |
Arginine | 1.47 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 1.12 | 1.33 | 1.22 | 1.11 | 1.00 |
Phenylalanine+tyrosine | 1.71 | 1.59 | 1.47 | 1.35 | 1.57 | 1.45 | 1.33 | 1.22 |
Leucine | 1.81 | 1.70 | 1.59 | 1.47 | 1.68 | 1.57 | 1.46 | 1.35 |
Isoleucine | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.61 |
Histidine | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.41 |
Glycine+serine | 1.89 | 1.75 | 1.62 | 1.47 | 1.72 | 1.59 | 1.46 | 1.33 |
Analysed composition (%) | ||||||||
Crude protein | 21.59 | 19.56 | 18.41 | 17.64 | 18.70 | 17.77 | 16.66 | 15.63 |
Lysine | 1.28 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 0.96 | 1.04 | 0.97 |
Methionine | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.39 |
Threonine | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.72 |
1) NP, normal protein (starter CP21/finisher CP19); LP1, low protein diet 1 (starter CP19.7/finisher CP17.9); LP2, low protein diet 2 (starter CP18.5/finisher CP16.7); LP3, low protein diet 3 (starter CP17.2/finisher CP15.6).
2) Premix per kg of diet: vitamin A, 50 MIU: vitamin D3, 10 MIU; vitamin E, 130 g; vitamin K3, 10 g; vitamin B1, 10 g; vitamin B2, 25 g; vitamin B6, 16 g; vitamin B12, 0.1 g; biotin, 0.50 g; folic acid, 8 g; niacin, 200 g; pantothenic acid, 56 g; iron as ferrous sulphate monohydrate 110 g; zinc as zinc oxide 110 g; manganese as manganese oxide 110 g; copper as cupric sulphatepentahydrate 11 g; iodine as potassium iodate 2 g; cobalt as cobalt chelates of AA 0.3 g; selenium as selenium chelates of AA 0.3 g; chromium as chromium chelates of AA 0.5 g.
Items | CP | Contrast, p-value | Protease | Probability | |||||||||
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NP2) | LP1 | LP2 | LP3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic | With | Without | SEM | CP | Protease | CP×protease | |
Feed intake | |||||||||||||
d 1–7 | 141 | 141 | 124 | 125 | 2.43 | <0.001 | 0.966 | 131 | 135 | 1.62 | <0.001 | 0.141 | 0.743 |
d 8–14 | 413 | 428 | 411 | 398 | 4.34 | 0.070 | 0.074 | 413 | 412 | 2.38 | 0.087 | 0.868 | 0.479 |
d 15–21 | 585 | 610 | 641 | 587 | 8.43 | 0.523 | 0.006 | 609 | 603 | 8.01 | 0.028 | 0.709 | 0.693 |
d 22–28 | 1,025 | 1,029 | 969 | 910 | 14.58 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 977 | 990 | 10.03 | <0.001 | 0.486 | 0.603 |
d 29–35 | 1,119 | 1,102 | 1,067 | 1,010 | 17.13 | 0.020 | 0.548 | 1067 | 1082 | 12.71 | 0.041 | 0.569 | 0.004 |
d 1–21 | 1,140 | 1,179 | 1,177 | 1,110 | 9.55 | 0.202 | 0.002 | 1152 | 1150 | 7.04 | 0.016 | 0.896 | 0.529 |
d1–35 | 3,284 | 3,309 | 3,214 | 3,029 | 35.57 | <0.001 | 0.041 | 3196 | 3222 | 27.19 | <0.001 | 0.564 | 0.058 |
Weight gain | |||||||||||||
d 1–7 | 124 | 113 | 99 | 95 | 3.09 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 106 | 109 | 1.22 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 0.173 |
d 8–14 | 297 | 282 | 265 | 251 | 4.95 | <0.001 | 0.963 | 277 | 270 | 3.31 | <0.001 | 0.234 | 0.841 |
d 15–21 | 349 | 349 | 346 | 313 | 5.33 | 0.014 | 0.088 | 350 a | 328b | 7.03 | 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.870 |
d 22–28 | 505 | 484 | 487 | 456 | 10.39 | 0.125 | 0.793 | 508 a | 459 b | 14.39 | 0.380 | 0.021 | 0.986 |
d 29–35 | 619 | 609 | 522 | 491 | 15.96 | <0.001 | 0.552 | 565 | 556 | 9.23 | <0.001 | 0.617 | 0.174 |
d 1–21 | 770 | 743 | 711 | 658 | 11.35 | <0.001 | 0.186 | 733 a | 708 b | 7.02 | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.984 |
d1–35 | 1,894 | 1,837 | 1,721 | 1,604 | 29.61 | <0.001 | 0.207 | 1805 a | 1723 b | 18.60 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.188 |
FCR | |||||||||||||
d 1–7 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.038 | 0.314 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.042 | 0.658 | 0.708 |
d 8–14 | 1.19 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 1.33 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.115 | 1.27 | 1.29 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.470 | 0.466 |
d 15–21 | 1.40 | 1.49 | 1.55 | 1.58 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.034 | 1.48 b | 1.53 a | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.191 |
d 22–28 | 1.64 | 1.74 | 1.73 | 1.75 | 0.02 | 0.091 | 0.367 | 1.66 b | 1.77 a | 0.03 | 0.175 | 0.005 | 0.835 |
d 29–35 | 1.69 | 1.76 | 1.82 | 1.84 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.525 | 1.73 b | 1.83 a | 0.02 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.090 |
d 1–21 | 1.48 | 1.59 | 1.66 | 1.69 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.207 | 1.57 b | 1.62 a | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.204 |
d1–35 | 1.73 | 1.80 | 1.87 | 1.89 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.510 | 1.77 b | 1.87 a | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.090 |
Mortality | |||||||||||||
d 1–35 | 2.50 | 3.33 | 1.67 | 0.83 | 0.91 | - | - | 2.08 | 2.08 | 0.93 | - | - | - |
Item | Albumin (g/L) | Triglycerides (mmol/L) | Total protein (g/L) | Uric acid (μmol/L) |
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Diets2) | ||||
NP | 11.88 | 0.54 | 30.11 | 248 |
LP1 | 11.33 | 0.74 | 26.83 | 219 |
LP2 | 10.93 | 0.76 | 26.59 | 249 |
LP3 | 9.73 | 0.86 | 23.78 | 150 |
SEM | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.54 | 11.62 |
Contrast, p-values | ||||
Linear | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.167 |
Quadratic | 0.314 | 0.531 | 0.777 | 0.146 |
Protease | ||||
With | 10.97 | 0.77 | 26.69 | 242a |
Without | 10.96 | 0.68 | 26.96 | 201b |
SEM | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.43 | 9.75 |
Probabilities | ||||
CP | <0.001 | 0.017 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Protease | 0.992 | 0.141 | 0.749 | 0.009 |
CP×protease | 0.048 | <0.001 | 0.320 | <0.001 |
Serum metabolites | Diets2) | Contrast, p-values | |||||
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NP | LP1 | LP2 | LP3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic | |
Albumin (g/L) | |||||||
With protease | 12.09 | 11.54 | 11.29 | 8.95 | 0.31 | <0.001 | 0.060 |
Without protease | 11.66 | 11.13 | 10.56 | 10.50 | 0.22 | 0.042 | 0.581 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | |||||||
With protease | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.86 | 1.23 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.630 |
Without protease | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.04 | 0.278 | 0.242 |
Uric acid (umol/L) | |||||||
With protease | 182 | 290 | 323 | 159 | 15.71 | 0.717 | <0.001 |
Without protease | 315 | 157 | 164 | 141 | 16.42 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
Item | Eviscerated2) (%) | Breastmeat (%) | Abdominal fat3) (%) |
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Diets4) | |||
NP | 71.47 | 32.95 | 3.05 |
LP1 | 70.67 | 32.08 | 3.19 |
LP2 | 70.51 | 31.48 | 3.80 |
LP3 | 69.33 | 31.71 | 3.81 |
SEM | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.09 |
Contrast, p-values | |||
Linear | <0.001 | 0.049 | <0.001 |
Quadratic | 0.653 | 0.263 | 0.651 |
Protease | |||
With | 70.90a | 32.36 | 3.39 |
Without | 70.09b | 31.75 | 3.53 |
SEM | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.08 |
Probabilities | |||
CP | 0.003 | 0.158 | <0.001 |
Protease | 0.042 | 0.208 | 0.366 |
CP×protease | 0.237 | 0.452 | 0.868 |
3) Tissue surrounding the gizzard and intestines, extending within the scheme, neighbouring the cloaca and bursa of fabricius, and adjoining the abdominal muscle.
Item | Duodenum | Jejunum | Ileum | |||||||||
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VH (mm) | CD (mm) | VH/CD ratio (μm) | ASA (mm) | VH (mm) | CD (mm) | VH/CD ratio (μm) | ASA (mm) | VH (mm) | CD (mm) | VH/CD ratio (μm) | ASA (mm) | |
Diets2) | ||||||||||||
NP | 1,501 | 189 | 8.05 | 0.383 | 1,045 | 176 | 6.09 | 0.228 | 634 | 134 | 4.88 | 0.127 |
LP1 | 1,466 | 186 | 7.99 | 0.375 | 1,012 | 169 | 6.14 | 0.245 | 652 | 138 | 4.84 | 0.163 |
LP2 | 1,411 | 197 | 7.25 | 0.392 | 914 | 179 | 5.33 | 0.179 | 606 | 119 | 5.17 | 0.134 |
LP3 | 1,559 | 182 | 8.67 | 0.408 | 797 | 167 | 5.05 | 0.149 | 597 | 110 | 5.51 | 0.124 |
SEM | 26.65 | 3.05 | 0.19 | 0.011 | 20.81 | 3.83 | 0.17 | 0.008 | 11.13 | 3.48 | 0.10 | 0.004 |
Contrast, p-values | ||||||||||||
Linear | 0.854 | 0.416 | 0.412 | 0.946 | 0.055 | 0.427 | 0.930 | 0.676 | 0.636 | 0.993 | 0.813 | 0.005 |
Quadratic | 0.976 | 0.721 | 0.860 | 0.443 | <0.001 | 0.960 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.020 | 0.041 |
Protease | ||||||||||||
With | 1,532 | 188 | 8.25 | 0.432a | 960 | 161b | 6.16a | 0.219a | 663a | 129 | 5.26 | 0.146a |
Without | 1,436 | 189 | 7.72 | 0.346b | 923 | 184a | 5.15b | 0.182b | 582b | 121 | 4.93 | 0.128b |
SEM | 17.94 | 1.71 | 0.12 | 0.014 | 9.20 | 5.34 | 0.20 | 0.006 | 13.34 | 3.78 | 0.09 | 0.003 |
Probabilities | ||||||||||||
CP | 0.220 | 0.431 | 0.025 | 0.805 | <0.001 | 0.730 | 0.016 | <0.001 | 0.141 | 0.053 | 0.060 | <0.001 |
Protease | 0.062 | 0.977 | 0.099 | <0.001 | 0.090 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.232 | 0.086 | 0.008 |
CP×protease | 0.299 | 0.179 | 0.085 | 0.661 | <0.001 | 0.532 | 0.621 | 0.173 | 0.258 | 0.555 | 0.093 | 0.036 |
VH, villus height; CD, crypt depth; ASA, absorptive surface area; SEM, standard error of mean; CP, crude protein.
Item | Diets2) | SEM | Contrast, p-values | ||||
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NP | LP1 | LP2 | LP3 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Jejunal villus height | |||||||
With protease | 1,128 | 960 | 957 | 796 | 25.41 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Without protease | 962 | 1063 | 871 | 798 | 22.95 | 0.099 | <0.001 |
Ileal absorptive surface area | |||||||
With protease | 0.119 | 0.174 | 0.151 | 0.142 | 0.066 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Without protease | 0.135 | 0.152 | 0.118 | 0.106 | 0.006 | 0.386 | 0.004 |
Item | Pancreas | Small intestinal |
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Diets2) | ||
NP | 138.3 | 85.9 |
LP1 | 132.5 | 84.5 |
LP2 | 144.7 | 86.4 |
LP3 | 143.5 | 85.8 |
SEM | 2.21 | 1.65 |
Contrast, p-values | ||
Linear | 0.103 | 0.947 |
Quadratic | 0.541 | 0.936 |
Protease | ||
With | 136.0b | 98.3a |
Without | 143.6a | 73.0b |
SEM | 2.23 | 3.65 |
Probabilities | ||
CP | 0.082 | 0.983 |
Protease | 0.041 | <0.001 |
CP×protease | 0.319 | 0.372 |