Anim Biosci > Volume 30(4); 2017 > Article |
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Ingredients | Control | Treatment | Chemical composition | Concentrate diet | Timothy hay | |
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Control | Treatment | |||||
Concentrate diet | Dry matter (DM) | 86.47 | 86.56 | 91.61 | ||
Ground corn | 2.16 | 1.35 | Crude protein (CP) | 13.33 | 13.69 | 5.96 |
Steamed-flaked corn | 21.00 | 21.00 | Ether extract (EE) | 3.43 | 3.39 | 1.63 |
Ground wheat | 26.54 | 30.201) | Ash | 5.76 | 5.84 | 5.76 |
Salt | 0.20 | 0.20 | Ca | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.27 |
Molasses | 4.20 | 4.20 | P | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.12 |
Soy hull | 3.00 | 7.00 | Acid detergent fiber (ADF) | 11.9 | 12.4 | 39.98 |
Corn flour | 9.00 | 5.00 | Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) | 23.9 | 23.8 | 65.90 |
Rice bran | 3.00 | 1.78 | ||||
Cottonseed hulls | 2.00 | 2.00 | ||||
Palm kernel meal | 7.00 | 8.00 | ||||
Ammonium chloride | 0.15 | 0.15 | ||||
Urea | 0.34 | 0.34 | ||||
Sodium bicarbonate | 0.75 | 0.75 | ||||
Condensed molasses solubles | 1.40 | 1.18 | ||||
Corn gluten feed | 10.78 | 3.30 | ||||
Limestone | 2.09 | 2.06 | ||||
Copra meal | 5.53 | 8.64 | ||||
Palm oil | 0.70 | 0.70 | ||||
Purified glycerol (99.7% aqueous solution) | - | 2.00 | ||||
Mineral/vitamin premix2) | 0.17 | 0.17 | ||||
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||
Calculated nutrients | ||||||
TDN3) (%) | 75.61 | 75.53 | ||||
ME4) (Mcal/kg) | 2.65 | 2.65 | ||||
NEg5) (Mcal/kg) | 1.24 | 1.24 |
TDN, total digestible nutrient; NFC, nonfiber carbohydrate; DE, digestible energy; ME, metabolizable energy; NEg, net energy for gain; NDF, neutral detergent fiber.
2) Mineral and vitamin premix contained vit. A 2,650,000 IU, vit. D3 530,000 IU, vit. E 1,050 IU, niacin 10,000 mg, Mn 4,400 mg, Zn 4,400 mg, Fe 13,200 mg, Cu 2,200 mg, iodine 440 mg, and Co 440 mg/kg of Grobic-DC. Grobic-DC was provided by Bayer Health Care (Leverkusen, Germany).
3) TDN (%) = NFC+CP+[(EE−1)×2.25]+NDF−7 [40].
4) ME = [1.01×(DE)−0.45]+0.0046×(EE−3) [40].
5) NEg = 1.42 ME−0.174 ME2+0.0122 ME3−1.65 [40].
Items | August2) | September3) | SE | p-value |
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Ambient temperature (°C) | ||||
Mean | 23.23 | 19.91 | 0.31 | <0.001 |
Maximum | 27.81 | 26.32 | 0.41 | 0.45 |
Minimum | 20.23 | 14.74 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
Climate temperature (°C) | ||||
Mean | 22.73 | 19.32 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
Maximum | 32.84 | 35.84 | 1.10 | 0.03 |
Minimum | 18.62 | 12.49 | 0.47 | <0.001 |
Ambient relative humidity (%) | ||||
Mean | 81.96 | 75.61 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
Maximum | 91.94 | 59.21 | 0.40 | 0.19 |
Minimum | 65.98 | 32.22 | 2.07 | <0.001 |
Climate relative humidity (%) | ||||
Mean | 74.58 | 71.35 | 1.64 | 0.78 |
Maximum | 90.49 | 87.48 | 1.42 | 0.014 |
Minimum | 55.02 | 25.45 | 2.89 | <0.001 |
Ambient THI | ||||
Mean | 70.36 | 64.00 | 0.51 | <0.001 |
Maximum | 75.77 | 69.65 | 0.51 | <0.001 |
Minimum | 66.32 | 56.67 | 0.66 | <0.001 |
Climate THI | ||||
Mean | 70.61 | 63.69 | 0.58 | <0.001 |
Maximum | 80.26 | 78.72 | 0.90 | 0.31 |
Minimum | 64.34 | 53.30 | 0.80 | <0.001 |
1) THI = 0.8×temperature+[(relative humidity×0.01)×(temperature−14.4)]+46.4 (Gaughan et al [16]).
Variable | August2) | September3) | SE | p-value | ||||
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Control | Glycerol | Control | Glycerol | Diet | Month | Diet×month | ||
Age (month) | 14.4 | 14.0 | 15.4 | 15.0 | ||||
Initial body weight (kg) | 405.0 | 405.2 | 434.7 | 430.7 | ||||
Body weight4) (kg) | 434.7 | 430.7 | 455.8 | 453.9 | 5.54 | 0.79 | 0.049 | 0.92 |
Feed intake, DM | ||||||||
Daily total feed intake (kg/d) | 7.63a | 7.62a | 8.21b | 8.09ab | 0.08 | 0.68 | 0.0012 | 0.70 |
Daily concentrate intake (kg/d) | 5.44b | 5.45b | 6.00a | 5.93ab | 0.08 | 0.81 | <0.001 | 0.77 |
Daily forage intake (kg/d) | 2.19 | 2.18 | 2.20 | 2.16 | 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.81 |
Concentrate/forage intake ratio | 2.48a | 2.50a | 2.73b | 2.75b | 0.05 | 0.82 | 0.014 | 0.96 |
Crude protein intake (kg/d) | 0.86a | 0.88a | 0.92b | 0.95b | 0.014 | 0.47 | <0.001 | 0.77 |
Ether extract fat intake (kg/d) | 0.22a | 0.22a | 0.24b | 0.24b | 0.003 | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.71 |
Average daily gain (kg/d) | 0.96a | 0.82ab | 0.70b | 0.77ab | 0.04 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
Feed efficiency (gain/total DM feed intake) | 0.108a | 0.094ab | 0.075b | 0.083ab | 0.0005 | 0.63 | 0.003 | 0.11 |
Rectal temperature (°C) | 38.51 | 38.64 | 38.34 | 38.34 | 0.041 | 0.31 | 0.007 | 0.52 |