Manuscripts must be prepared in double space and submitted
via on-line system.
2)
The lines on all pages, including those pages for
REFERENCES and figure-legends, must be numbered in the left margin,
beginning with number one at the top of the page. A 2.5 cm margin
on both sides of the page is desirable. The type should be large enough
to be easily read (i.e. a font size of at least 10 points).
3)
Tables, typed double-spaced, should be as few and
as simple as is feasible. Each table should be on a separate sheet.
Weights and measures must be expressed in the metric system and temperatures
in the celsius (centigrade) scale.
4)
The legends for figures should be typed on a separate
sheet. Photographs should be carefully prepared so that clear image can be printed. Use large letters and numbers, especially
for figures that are to be published in one column in the journal.
5)
Manuscripts will be edited in the order received
and accepted papers will be published in the order submitted if at
all possible.
6)
Authors whose native language is not English are
strongly encouraged to have their papers proof read, prior to submission,
to improve the English content of their paper.
1)
TITLE PAGE
The first page of each manuscript starts with the title of the paper
which should be typed in bold-faced print using both upper and lower
case letters and set in the center of the page. Although the title
should be as brief as possible, include the species involved in the
research when applicable. Abbreviations are not permitted in the title.
The names of the authors follow and you may choose to use either initials
(first and middle) or full name(s) and last name but you should be
consistent and use the same format for all authors. Indications of
professorial rank or other professional titles should not be used.
Naming an author on a paper implies that the person named is aware
of the research reported and agrees with and accepts responsibility
for any results or conclusions reported.
The address of the institution where the research was conducted follows
and the address should include the name of the institution, city,
country and zip code. This should be typed on as few lines as possible
using upper and lower case letters. When a paper has several authors
from different institutions, key the author to the address with superscript
Arabic numerals and present the additional addresses as footnotes
at the bottom of the page. Addresses for reprints and changes of address
should also be given as footnotes and should be keyed using the same
number system as for addresses. Footnotes on the first page and other
text pages are referenced sequentially by superscript numbers. Brand
names and company names and locations for all substances and equipment
referred to in the text should be included in parentheses within the
text, not in footnotes. A running head (an abbreviated title consisting
of no more than 45 characters plus spaces) should also appear centered
on the title page. Although not printed in the final version, include
the phone number, fax number, and E-mail address, if possible, of
the contact author on the title page.
2)
ABSTRACT
The abstract, consisting of no more than 400 words, appears on a separate
page following the title page. The word ABSTRACT (aligned with the
left margin) is printed in bold face print using capital letters and
should be followed by a colon. The text of the abstract should start
on the same line immediately following the colon. The abstract should
summarize pertinent results in a brief but understandable form. The
abstract should start with a clear statement of the objectives of
the experiment and must conclude with one or two sentences that highlight
important conclusions. References are never cited in the abstract.
Abbreviations that appear in the abstract that are not included in
the standard abbreviation listing found in each issue of AJAS must
be defined before they are first used.
3)
KEY WORDS
At the end of the abstract, list up to six key words that best describe
the nature of the research. The term "Key Words" is typed
in bold-faced print followed by a colon. The first letter of each
key word is capitalized and key words are separated by commas. The
entire line should be centered on the page and surrounded by brackets.
Key words should include the species, variables tested, and the major
response criteria. Key words must be selected from the most recent
issues of the CAB Thesaurus (available from C.A.B. International,
845 North Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719; Telephone: 800-528-4841.)
American spelling of words is used. Key words form the basis for the
subject index, which is published in the last issue of each volume
of AJAS. Because major words in the title are not used in the subject
index, appropriate words from the title (or synonyms) should be listed
as key words.
4)
HEADINGS
Major headings (INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION
[or RESULTS AND DISCUSSION], and REFERENCES) are centered and appear
in roman type, with the entire heading capitalized using bold-faced
type. Major headings of review papers or papers from symposia may
deviate from this standard format; however, all papers must contain
an abstract, key words, and an introduction. Abbreviations should
be avoided in headings.
First subheadings appear at the left margin on a separate line in
bold-faced print and are not followed by punctuation. Only the first
word is capitalized. First subheadings are used when subsections below
major headings consist of several paragraphs, especially if some or
all of the paragraphs begin with a second subheading.
Second subheadings appear at the beginning of the first line of a
paragraph. They are italicized and followed by a period. They do not
require labeling (a, b, c, etc.). Second subheadings may be used with
or without first subheadings; generally second subheadings introduce
sections three to four paragraphs in length or longer sections below
a first subheading.
5)
INTRODUCTION
The introduction starts on a new page following the abstract. The
introduction briefly justifies the research and specifies the hypotheses
to be tested. Extensive discussion of relevant literature should be
included in the discussion of results, not in the introduction. To
minimize length and avoid redundancy, generally no more than three
references should be cited to support a specific concept.
6)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
(1)
General: A clear description or specific original reference
is required for all biological, analytical, and statistical
procedures used in the experiment. All modifications of procedures
must be explained. Diets, animals (breed, sex, age, body weight,
and weighing conditions [i.e., with or without restriction of
feed and (or) water]), surgical techniques, measurements, and
statistical models should be described clearly and fully.
(2)
Statistics: Biology should be emphasized, but the use of incorrect
or inadequate statistical methods to analyze and interpret biological
data is not acceptable. Consultation with a statistician is
recommended. Statistical methods commonly used in the animal
sciences need not be described in detail, but adequate references
should be provided. The statistical model, classes, blocks,
and experimental unit must be designated. Any restrictions used
in estimating parameters should be defined. Reference to a statistical
package without reporting the sources of variation (classes)
and other salient features of the analysis, such as covariance
or orthogonal contrasts, is not sufficient. A statement of the
results of statistical analysis should justify the interpretations
and conclusions. When possible, results of similar experiments
should be pooled statistically. Do not report a number of similar
experiments separately.
7)
RESULTS
Results (may be combined with discussion) should be presented in tabular
form when feasible. The text should explain or elaborate on the tabular
data, but numbers should not be repeated extensively within the text.
Sufficient data, all with some index of variation attached, should
be presented to allow the reader to interpret the results of the experiment.
8)
DISCUSSION
The discussion (may be combined with results) should interpret the
results clearly and concisely in terms of biological mechanisms and
should integrate literature results with the research findings to
provide the reader with a broad base on which to accept or reject
the hypotheses tested. Results and references to tables and figures
already described in the RESULTS section should not be repeated in
the DISCUSSION section.
9)
IMPLICATIONS (Optional)
This section, consisting of no more than 1,000 characters plus spaces
in one paragraph, follows the discussion and should explain in lay
terms, without abbreviations, acronyms, or citations, what the findings
of this research imply for animal production and (or) biology. Though
some speculation is permitted, this section should also caution the
reader against over extrapolation of results. For manuscripts with
direct applications, this section will consist of an interpretive
summary. If results have no implications, this should be stated.
10)
REFERENCES
(1)
Reference citations in the text are typed as follows: Black
(1971) or (Black, 1971); Dickerson et al. (1974) or (Dickerson
et al., 1974); Smith and Jones (1977) or (Smith and Jones, 1977).
Groups of references cited in a sentence in the text must be
listed in chronological order as in the previous sentence. REFERENCES
lists should be typed in alphabetical order.
(2)
The following publications may be useful to authors: CBE Style
Manual. 1983. Fifty Ed. Council of Biology Editors, Inc. Bethesda,
MD. Day, R. A. 1979. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper.
ISI Press, Philadelphia.
(3)
Samples of reference citations. Standard Journal
Articles:
Jensen, M. S., S. K. Jensen and K. Jakobsen. 1997. Development
of digestive enzymes in pigs with emphasis on lipolytic
activity in the stomach and pancreas. J. Anim. Sci. 75:437-445.
Jin, C. F., J. H. Kim, H. K. Moon, W. T. Cho, Y. K. Han
and I. K. Han. 1998a. Effects of various carbohydrate
sources on the growth performance and nutrient utilization
in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Asian-Aust. J. Anim.
Sci. 11:285-292.
Jin, C. F, J. H. Kim, I. K. Han, H. J. Jung and C. H.
Kwon. 1998b. Effects of various fat sources and lecithin
on the growth performance and nutrient utilization in
pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.
11:176-184.
Journal Article with a Subtitle :
Ackerson, R. C. 1981. Osmoregulation in cotton in response
to water stress: 1. Alterations in photosynthesis, translocation
and ultrastructure. Plant Physiol. 67:484-488.
Abstracts and Supplements :
Mahan, D. C., E. M. Weaver and L. E. Russell. 1996. Improved
postweaning pig performance by adding NaCl or HCl to diets
containing animal plasma. J. Anim. Sci. 74(Suppl. 1):58(Abstr.).
Smith, J. W., M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, J. L. Nelssen,
W. B. Nessmith, K. Q. Owen and B. T. Richert. 1995. The
effect of increasing zinc oxide supplementation on starter
pig growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. 73(Supp. 1):72(Abstr.).
Journal Article Accepted but not yet Published
:
Li, D. F., J. L. Nelssen, P. G. Reddy, F. Bleccha,
R. D. Klemm, D. W. Giesting, J. D. Hancock, G. L. Allee
and R. D. Goodband. 1999. Measuring suitability of soybean
products for early-weaned pigs with immunological criteria.
J. Anim. Sci. (In press).
Standard Book :
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edn. Association
of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia.
National Research Council. 1998. Nutrient Requirements
of Swine. 10th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington,
DC.
SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT User's Guide: Version
6. 4th edn. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
Snedecor, G. W. and W. C. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods.
8th Ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and
Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd
edn. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York.
Chapter in an Edited Book :
Cranwell, P. D. and P. J. Moughan. 1989. Biological
limitations imposed by the digestive system to the growth
performance of weaner pigs. In: Manipulating Pig Production
II (Ed. J. L. Barnett and D. P. Hennessy). Australasian
Pig Science Association, Werribee, Australia. pp. 140-159.
Cromwell, G. L. 1991. Antimicrobial agents. In: Swine
Nutrition (Ed. E. R. Miller, D. E. Ullrey and A. J. Lewis).
Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Massachusetts. pp. 297-314.
Mayes, P. A. 1990. Digestion and absorption. In: Harpers
Biochemistry, 22nd Ed. (Ed. R. K. Murray, D. K. Granner,
P. A. Mayes and V. W. Rodwell). Appleton & Lange,
Norwalk, Conneticut. pp. 580-590.
Thesis :
Thacker, P. A. 1981. Effects of Dietary Propionate
on Lipid Metabolism in Growing Swine. Ph.D. Thesis, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
Trottier, N. L. 1995. Protein Metabolism for the Lactating
Sow. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
Conference Proceedings :
Goodband, R. D., M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz and J. L.
Nelssen. 1995. Practical nutrition for the segregated
early weaned pig. In: Proceedings of the 1995 Saskatchewan
Pork Industry Symposium, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. pp.
15-22.
Shurson, J., L. Johnston, J. E. Pettigrew and J. Hawton.
1995. Nutrition and the early weaned pig. Proceedings
of the Manitoba Swine Seminar. Vol. 9:21-32.
Research Reports etc .:
Lutz, T. L. and T. S. Stahly. 1996. Dietary folic acid
needs of high lean growth pigs. Iowa State University
1997 Swine Research Report. pp. 4-6.
Unpublished Memos, Letters, Personal Communications (Cited
in Text Only)
(L. G. Campbell, pers. comm., University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK). (A. J. Smith, unpubl. data).
11)
TABLES Tables
are used to present numerical data in a self-explanatory manner. They
should be intelligible without consulting the text and should not
duplicate data already given in the text or in illustrations. Any
abbreviation used in a table must be defined in that table. Tables
should be typed double-spaced with each table on a separate sheet.
Place tables immediately after the list of figure legends or references
if there are no figures. Paginate the tables in series with the text.
All tables should be cited in the text. Arabic numerals
are used to number tables. The table number (i.e. Table 4.) is typed
in bold face followed by a period. The title of the table continues
on the same line with only the first letter capitalized. Do not use
a period at the end of the title. Column headings should have the
first letter of each word capitalized while the names of variables
are typed with only the first letter capitalized (i.e. Average daily
gain). For numerals less than 1, insert a zero
to the left of the decimal point (columns should be set up so that
decimal points are aligned if possible). If there are no data for
a particular entry, insert a dash. If an explanation is necessary,
use an abbreviation in the body of the table (e.g. ND) and explain
clearly in footnotes what the abbreviation means. Care should be taken
to ensure that greater accuracy is not implied in the table than is
possible from a particular analysis and only significant figures should
be used. It is exceedingly rare where accuracy greater than two decimal
places is obtained. References to footnotes
in a table are specified by superscript numbers, independently for
each table. Superscript letters are used to designate statistical
significance. Use a lower case p to indicate probability values (i.e.
p<0.05). Presentation of pooled standard
errors, the general basis for statistical comparisons of means is
recommended when variance is homogenenous. These should be presented
in a separate column or row. Standard errors can be attached to each
mean by ± signs when variance or SE are heterogeneous (e.g. unbalanced
experiments or unequal numbers of observations in treatment means).
The pooled standard error is the preferred estimate of experimental
error because presenting individual standard errors tends to clutter
up the table. For diet composition, present
major ingredient inclusion levels as a percentage of the total rather
than in g/kg of diet.
12)
USE OF NUMBERS
Follow the rules given below for writing numbers:
(1)
In general, spell out numbers one through nine and use numerals
for 10 and above.
(2)
Use Arabic numerals with abbreviated units of measure: 2 g,
5 d, $4.00, 3% and numerical designations in the text: exp 1,
group 3, etc.
(3)
Use Arabic numerals to express time and date: 08:00 h, 3 Sept.
1985, etc.
(4)
In a series using some numbers less than 10 and some more
than 10 use numerals for all (i.e. 2 Holsteins, 6 Charolais
and 15 Friesians).
(5)
When writing a large number ending in several zeros, use a
word for part of the number (i.e. 1.8 million rather than 1,800,000).
(6)
When two numbers appear adjacent to each other, spell out
the first (i.e. ten 2-d old chicks rather than 10 2-d old chicks).
(7)
Do not begin a sentence with a numeral. Spell it out or rearrange
the sentence.
(8)
Use the 24-h clock system: 09:30, 13:40 h, etc. Give day length
in quantitative hours (e.g. 2 h 16 min). Abbreviate the terms
hour (h), minute (min) second (s) and year (yr) when used with
a number in the text but spell them out when they are used alone.
(9)
Do not use a hyphen to indicate inclusiveness (e.g. use 12
to 14 mg or wk 3 and 4 not 12-14 mg or wk 3-4).
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.
Aust. J. Agric. Res.
Aust. J. Exp. Agric.
Biochem. J.
Biochemistry
Biochem. Biophys. Acta
Biol. Reprod.
Biometrics
Biometrika
Blood
Br. J. Nutr.
Br. Poult. Sci.
Can. J. Anim. Sci.
Cell
Cereal Chem.
Clin. Toxicol.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
Domest. Anim. Endocrinol.
Endocrinology
Eur. Assoc. Anim.
Eur. Prod. Publ.
Fed. Proc.
Feedstuffs
Fertil. Steril.
Food Res.
Food Technol.
Gastroenterology
Genetics
Grass Forage Sci.
Growth
Gut
Horm. Behav.
Immunology
Infec. Immun.
Ir. J. Agric. Res.
J. Agric. Food Chem.
J. Agric. Sci.
J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
J. Anim. Breed. Genet.
J. Anim. Physiol.
J. Anim. Nutr.
J. Anim. Sci.
J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. &
J. Metab.
J. Clin. Invest.
J. Dairy Sci.
J. Food Compos. Anal.
J. Gen. Physiol.
J. Hered.
J. Nutr.
J. Nutr. Biochem.
J. Physiol. (Lond.)
J. Physiol. (Paris.)
J. Range Manage.
J. Rech. Porcine Fr.
J. Reprod. Fertil.
J. Sci. Food Agric.
Jpn. Poult. Sci.
Korean J. Poult. Sci.
Korean J. Anim.
Nutr. Feed.
Korean J. Anim. Sci.
Korean J. Animal Reprod.
Korean J. Dairy Sci.
Korean J. Nutr.
Lab. Anim.
Lipids
Livest. Prod. Sci.
Meat Sci.
Metabolism
Methods Enzymol.
Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.
N. Engl. J. Med.
N. Z. J. Agric. Res.
Nature (Lond.)
Nature (Paris)
Neth. J. Agric. Res.
Neuroendocrinology
Nutr. Abstr. Rev.
Nutr. Metab.
Nutr. Rep. Int.
Nutr. Res.
Nutr. Rev.
Obstet. Gynecol.
Pharmacol. Rev.
Physiol. Rev.
Pig News Info.
Poult. Sci.
Proc. N. Z. Grassl. Assoc.
Proc. Nutr. Soc.
Proc. R. Soc. Lond.
B. Biol. Sci.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
Prof. Anim. Sci.
Q. J. Exp. Physiol.
Rec. Prog. Horm. Res.
Reprod. Fertil. Dev.
Residue Rev.
S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci.
Sci. Agric.
Science
Steroids
Theor. Appl. Genet.
Theriogenology
Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol.
Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.
Vet. Rec.
Vet. Res.
Vitam. Horm.
World Anim. Rev.
World's Poult. Sci. J.
Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol.
Zentralbl. Veterinaermed.
Reihe A
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